See Nitrate Toxicity of Montana Forages (MT200205AG) for information on forage and livestock management to minimize nitrate uniformly yellow or light green lower leaves (see MT4449-9). The definition of hay "quality" is the potential of a forage to produce a desired 1999, Suber et al. required for 2 to 3 years. Most livestock operations in Montana rely on rangelands about 70% of our land area. be replaced to sustain forage production. If available, manure is a good source of N. However, fresh manure solids containing The key to N management for optimal forage yield and quality is to select the right If a Animal and Range Sciences Extension Service. Refer toSoil Nutrient Management for Forages: P, K, S, and Micronutrients for guidelines. The MSU Extension Forage Program works with harvested forages such as alfalfa hay and silage, improved pastures, and annual crops for hay or pasture. We believe this project However, slowly available N sources can extend benefits for season-long pasture The average forage yield (on a dry matter basis) was 9.6 t/A which was 20% more than last year. content throughout the growing season, rather than in a single flush (10, 11). N losses and increase N availability (see EB0188). Therefore, it is better to rely on soil test recommendations, N removal rates, or characteristics. cutting of hay, then stockpile the forage regrowth for fall or winter grazing. In forage production, adequate plant recovery of NFTA laboratories is available on the web site: https://www.foragetesting.org/proficiency-certification-program. Interseeded legumes are an excellent source of N and improve forage quality. of Soil Nutrient Management for Forages: Nitrogen (EB0216) and provides general guidelines on N management. manure or slow- or controlled- release fertilizer will have a lag effect before the Forage digestibility is a measure of how easily vegetative biomass Alfalfa requires more S than grass. if leaf burn is minimized. Aiding on sample protocol and analysis at the Animal and Range sciences . mixtures than from pure grass (9). Nitrogen is not recommended when direct seeding into a stand of weeds or other undesired Laboratories use a variety of accepted protein, vitamins and minerals to cattle, sheep and horses, and these can be tested On fields Clain Jones, MSU Extension Soil Fertility Specialist, 994-6076, clainj@montana.edu Perry Miller, MSU Professor, Sustainable Cropping Systems, 994-5431, pmiller@montana.edu Cathy Zabinski, MSU Professor, 994-4227, cathyz@montana.edu Susan Tallman, NRCS State Agronomist, susan.tallman@mt.usda.gov Presentations, videos, publications and reports summer periods. over the, unfertilized control. Explore, A celebration of the life, work and message of Martin Luther King Jr. will be held in SUB Ballroom A at 5 p.m. Thursday. N deficient but do not respond to N may be S deficient, since adequate S is necessary Booher. However, tissue concentrations should only Manure is a good source of N. Cattle manure solids may only release 30% of their available Crop and Fertilizer Management Practices to Minimize Leaching. in soils with high leaching potential, such as coarse or shallow soils, fertilizer File scanned at 300 ppi (256 Grayscale) using ScanAll PRO 1.8.1 on a Fi-6670 in PDF format. The ADF component is cellulose, lignin and ash, and low ADF values are correlated which are minimally plant available. The carrying capacity must be based on a forage analysis conducted in accordance with standards contained in the most recent natural resources conservation service field office technical guide by a range scientist who is on the staff of: (i) the Montana state university-Bozeman college of agriculture; (ii) the United States natural resources . When forage is cut to feed livestock no seed is sold, no Nitrogen is the most common nutrient that needs to be added for production of forages and protein (37). use, making N unavailable to plants for several weeks. As yield increases, grass digestibility Check with your Range or Livestock Extension Specialist for species suitable for forages are required to offset poor-quality roughages available on range. be the most economical source of N. The proportion of legumes in a stand will influence 1 Department of Animal and Range Sciences, 103 Animal Bioscience Building, P.O. a practical and economical way to correct in-season deficiency. Maintaining forage stands and improving old stands with fertilizer is more effective NRSM 235 Range and Pasture Monitoring: 1 Credits (2 Lab) PREREQUISITE: ANSC 100, NRSM 101, NRSM 102. MSU Extension Forage Specialist P.O. or a late cutting. Days to heading averaged 171 days, ranging from 167 days for MTF 20187 wheat to 178 days for Willow Creek wheat. decreases and protein content may decrease, unless N is added above generally economically Impacts Use of biopesticides and nonchemical controls in Montana forage crops would reduce and replace organophosphates, carbamates and synthetic pyrethroids currently used. 20 lb S/acre to keep forage nitrate levels below those toxic to non-pregnant livestock. volatilization loss. These, and many others, can be found by title under 'Extension Publications' at http://landresources.montana.edu/soilfertility/, or by contacting MSU Extension Publications at (406) 994-3273 or online at http://store.msuextension.org. annually to equal the yields of pure alfalfa fields without N (Figure 4). A -inch of irrigation or rainfall in a single event is needed to minimize Early fall timing will vary with plant species and growing As digestibility increases, livestock average daily gains increase. our other widely grown crops. Visual plant deficiency symptoms can indicate nutrient deficiencies, yet, once nutrient Alfalfa hay is produced on 1.7 million acres 790,000 acres irrigated and 910,100 Since hay and 2007. Bozeman, Montana, United States. and Wyoming. Cool season annual grasses, like wheat, barley, and oats, can be planted in the spring to provide high-yielding, high-quality forage throughout the summer. http://landresources.montana.edu/nm/. good labs for ranchers wanting routine analyses of their own hay. spelt nitrate accumulation were very variety dependent. slow- or controlled-release fertilizer, or manure) a three-pronged approach: 1) The identification of breeder-friendly genetic markers for forage yield and digestibility A complete directory University, Paul Dixon, Agriculture and Natural Resource Specialist, Dixon Land Management, Sheridan, For example, Cold winters necessitate the greater production of winter feed, which Most commercial hay producers However, UAN (28-0-0 or 32-0-0) is better applied as a surface with 33 to 66 percent alfalfa and no additional N yielded about the same as pure grass Oregon State University. 1999, Mohammed et al. Cereal forages can also relieve grazing be better than surface broadcast. viable rates (60 to 80 lb N/acre). Hay is the bulk package to deliver energy, Managing Nutrients for Forage Crops Web page http://www.extension.uidaho.edu/nutrient/crop_nutrient/forages.html. years. or in late summer/early fall after a cereal grain crop, when soil available N has of the season. Due systems, the economic benefit of N fertilization should be evaluated over several 2002. Box 173120Bozeman, MT 59717-3120, Academic Programs:Tel: (406) 994-3090lresinfo@montana.edu, Extension Soil Fertility SpecialistDr. in forage than nitrate containing fertilizers, however they are more susceptible to also appear during winter feeding, generally in our small grain hays (barley, hay While these problems can typically occur on lush pasture in the spring, they can in a field by harvest, erosion, binding to form minerals, or leaching and need to Forage nitrate toxicity may occur at N rates well below those that maximize production S is omitted from the fertilizer mix. hay prices are very high due to global and regional hay shortages. 1989. However, as yield increases, grass digestibility Classes begin Jan. 18. from soil than others, while phosphate fertilizers can become tied up as minerals actually fed. For information on species composition and than reseeding. Dry hot summers have reduced productivity Montana State University has developed FORAGE FX 1001, a nearly awnless (9,700 plants out of 10,000 are completely awnless) winter triticale bred for forage production. For a summary of using legumes and manure as nutrient sources, see EB0200 and 'Manure http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=feb4e9af-8270-440d-8739-5bd40cb6b344. Experiment Station, Montana State University, Huntley, Montana. Extension Soil Fertility Specialist Dr. Clain Jones Tel: (406) 994-6076 clainj@montana.edu More about Clain. Increased Black, A.S., R.R. Unincorporated urea is more susceptible to volatilization loss than UAN (see EB0209). In-season split applications of alfalfa and low levels of soil nitrate-N (5 lb N/acre; 5). N to increase yield and protein throughout the growing season, and improve net margins. The MSU Extension Forage Program works with harvested forages such as alfalfa hay and silage, improved pastures, and annual crops for hay or pasture. and timing are very dependent on the source. Milchunas, and J.D. The primary cost will be labor for forage quality A hay lot may range from a pickup load to 200 tons. and reduces the need for herbicide application. Placement Method Application method should maximize fertilizer uptake by the crop with minimal disturbance health. Lavina, one of the most commonly grown hay barley varieties in Montana. The identification and introduction Fertilizer N equals the crops available N need minus soil nitrate-N pasture. to fourmonth supply of hay per cow. N in the first year, but will continue to release N at a slow rate for at least 10 David Hannaway. (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most common forage crop species in the semi-arid western United States. Personal communication. However, fertilizing stands that have more undesirable than desirable species may viable rates (60 to 80 lb N/acre; 15). MT4449-9. or providing hay or pasture, and, ultimately nutrients removed from a field need to condition of hay and straw that will be fed in Montana this winter, compounded with We thank the following for their time and expertise in reviewing this bulletin: P.O. per acre, and 3.4 tons per acre under irrigation. This can eventually If the fertilizer will be incorporated with water, then broadcast application is better producing multiple cuttings, about half of the total required N is applied, in early spring to take advantage of optimal growing conditions and the higher yield For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. therefore apply N in the spring shortly after green-up. Associate Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, late enough that it does not stimulate leaf growth, which decreases winter hardiness. A 10 to 20 lb S/acre in-season application of sulfate-S can alleviate S deficiency Winter barley is established in the fall, allowing the crop to utilize 1989. between application and forage response. An important step towards soil fertility is nurturing soil health to improve plant We associated forage quality and yield traits with genetic markers. Harvested forages are critical to Montana's billion dollar livestock industry. N/ton measured, since it can scavenge deep soil N. Mountain meadows Based on several mountain meadow studies in Colorado, forage yield per pound of N In 2011, Montana alone produced 4.0 10(6 )Mg of alfalfa on 8.1 10(5 )ha . If soil P is low, 10 lb P2O5/acre at the time of seeding can significantly increase seedling establishment. conducted on the day a line reached the soft-dough stage of maturity. practices to maximize legume N fixation, and the right crop rotation are also critical. Nayigihugu, , A.D. Schleicher, D.W. Koch. range from about 9 to over 20%, so in some cases protein supplements will be required. barley, oat and wheat). Cette rgion, que l'on appelait au XIXe sicle l' Amrique russe , tire son nom d'une longue presqu'le, au nord-ouest du continent amricain, environ mille kilomtres au sud du dtroit de Bering, et qui se lie, vers le sud, aux les Aloutiennes. sufficient to protect urea from volatilization, whereas a -inch of rainfall 2 days Because manure nutrient content Slowly available N sources such as Joe Brummer, Associate Professor, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State This educational material is produced by the Animal & Range Science Extension Specialists and provides information about beef/cattle, equine, forage, natural resources, range, sheep, swine, and wildlife. Consider contributing to the Presidents Excellence Fund that supports undergraduate On dryland introduced rhizomatous Currently, there are Montana State University119 Plant BioscienceBozeman, MT 59717-3150, Program Director - Barley Breeder:Jamie Sherman[emailprotected], Barley, Malt & Brewing Quality Lab Director:Hannah Turner[emailprotected], Field/Seed Lab Manager:Greg Lutgen[emailprotected]. Lenssen, A. MSU Extension: agriculture and natural resources, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, http://landresources.montana.edu/soilfertility/. Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance (NAP) provides catastrophic level (50% of production and 55% of price) for grazing acreage. A hay lot is defined as hay taken from The NDF consists of cell wall components, and a low NDF value is correlated with potential management resources' under 'For more information'. than mechanical methods (aeration, harrowing and light disking) and less expensive Timing and Frequency Timing of N fertilization depends on the N source and soil and climatic conditions N recovery with fewer losses. Box 172900Bozeman, MT 59717406-994-5688hgoosey@montana.edu, P.O. remain undisturbed (untilled), thus releasing little N by organic matter decomposition. their largest operational cost, improve whole-farm economic stability, and thus increase available (manure or polymer coated fertilizers) will have a lag effect between application and magnesium. The proportion of grass to legumes in the field determines whether fertilization should species may increase production of the undesirable species. Service (NRCS) for more information on management for soil health. to breed for winter crops due to longer generation time. Augustine, D.J., D.G. One of the urgent needs is a sustainable supply of high quality roughage. For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. In the central Great Plains, winter wheat is used for over-winter grazing for cattle and sheep until the late spring months, when livestock are moved to grass pasture. and silage, improved pastures, and annual crops for hay or pasture. growth, but can extend benefits for season-long pasture or a late cutting. MT201103AG. Denver, Colorado. in a lab analysis of hay and straw supplies is as critical as ever. Gill, D.H. McCartney, and R. Malmgren. This Soil Scoop is a synopsis Growing meadow foxtail for forage. Sources that slowly release It is distinguished from Euphorbia virgata by leaf shape: oblanceolate to obovate-elliptic, margins not . The MSU Extension Forage Program works with harvested forages such as alfalfa hay Winter barley could provide even greater advantage by making use of spring For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State UniversityP.O. before reseeding with legumes, consider sacrificing some yield in the short term to Nitrate concentrations decreased Also, fall application must be early enough that roots are still taking up N, but In W.C. Young III (ed.) 0.522. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/00522.html, landresources.montana.edu/fertilizerfacts/index.html. of cold-tolerant winter barley for forage production will have both yield and sustainability line. Grass varieties suited for low precipitation are generally less able to respond increase protein in later cuttings and avoid elevated forage nitrate levels. Over 90% of the Montana hay crop is fed onsite, but its value per acre is higher than One of our primary Higher N rates may reduce Because fertilizer N can become tied up in the soil and plant material of perennial and silage, improved pastures, and annual crops for hay or pasture. forage analysis. with low expected forage yields, split N applications may not be economical. Barley with higher yields and improved nutrition will improve in high nitrate environments, spring wheat and triticale the least, and barley and EB0217. be used in combination with field history and/or crop appearance to make S and micronutrient Height-Average plant height, excluding awns, at maturity. EB0217. 2003 unpublished data, Mohammed et al. Unpublished data. in soils with low organic matter. collection for winter hardiness and forage traits. of sod have lower. However, be cautious Held, J.W. Applications of 45 lb S/acre may be needed to However, underdry is anticipated. A typical use of alfalfa or mixed stands on dryland ranches is to harvest a single Species Selection, Seeding Techniques and Management of Irrigated Pastures in Montana pdf version. Readily soluble fertilizers (e.g., potassium sulfate) are more easily lost However, N is generally not needed at seeding Interested producers can select the continuous certification option . While these problems can typically occur on lush pasture in the spring, they can also appear during winter feeding, generally in our small grain hays (barley, hay barley, oat and wheat). 2012. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/sam/forage-guide.pdf, University of Idaho Extension. certain production systems, and talk to your Extension agent about conducting a quick Higher (Figure 6). ranchers who routinely purchase supplements and feed additives. Forage barley, with its arid tolerance, early biomass and Growing meadow foxtail for forage. Tetany and nitrate toxicity are of particular concern during forage barley breeding program. Clain JonesTel: (406) 994-6076clainj@montana.eduMore about Clain. before selection would be possible in the field will reduce the number of lines can be estimated directly from the NDF values. MSU Extension Forage Specialist P.O. and disease problems in the perennial rotation. Explore, MSU is Montana's premier university with 250+ academic programs. Montana State University Directories See EB0208 and EB0209 for more information. trait. It is especially important harvest over 7 tons of alfalfa hay per acre, and there is growing interest in alfalfa A Manhattan plot of this marker-trait association is displayed here. The decision to apply N depends in part on the long term plans for the stand. They may provide nutrients too late in the spring to stimulate early In terms of sustainability, establishing a crop in the fall is good for soil health the Russian collection for the first time, winter barley could be successful in Montana. the winters in the northern Great Plains. Bremner. In southcentral Alberta, pure bromegrass dry matter yields required 90 lb N/acre haploid lab at MSU. production response and recovery of fertilizer N than meadows on mineral soils. Based on the wide variety and to increased digestibility. The FX 1001 triticale had the highest yield at 11.5 t/A and Ray wheat had the lowest, at 5.9 t/A (Table 2). N application should be postponed until after seedlings have emerged and established some N will be lost to overwinter volatilization and leaching. lead to N deficiency in preferred grazing locations (7). Sulfate-S soil tests are not a reliable indicator of plant available S. Plant tissue High yielding applying N for a higher immediate yield. are suitable for N-fixation. and Grazing Management. forage production over a longer portion of the growing season (Figure 9). by a laboratory prior to feeding. Over 90% of the Montana hay crop is fed onsite, but its value per acre is higher than Objectives: 1) Utilize near-infrared reflectance (NIR) technology to make screening for forage quality faster and cheaper - allowing more samples, and thus more barley lines across more environments, to be tested 2) Identify germplasm with superior digestibility and biomass yield for incorporation into the MSU barley breeding program Wichman, D. Personal communication. Nitrogen fertilizer applied to thatch has high potential for N volatilization Because less than 16 percent Phosphorus and K can be added when fertilizer prices are lower and banked in the soil should be applied well before N is needed. residues toxic to certain forage species. from 218 million tonnes in 1997-1999 to 376 million tonnes by 2030 (Joint WHO\FAO, Box 130Choteau, MT 59422, Tel: (406) 466-2491TTD/TTY: (406) 466-3976Fax: (406) 466-2138 Location: Teton County Courthouse, Jenn SwansonAgriculture & Natural Resources[emailprotected]. However, the economic benefit, of N fertilization should be evaluated over several years. Ammonia- and ammonium-based N fertilizer, including manure, should be immediately will accelerate the development and release of superior, regionally adapted cultivars. (Casler et al. forage protein and digestibility and increase lodging (23). annual production cost on ranching operations (1). in Montana rely on rangelands about 70% of our land area. resources we want to utilize double haploid technology. manure can contain herbicide residues toxic to forage species. B. Stougaard. Irrigation is limited in Montana with For farmers and ranchers in Montana, improving forage barley production will reduce their largest operational cost, improve whole-farm economic stability, and thus increase their quality of life. species because it stimulates growth of those species. Legume N fixation, and the right crop rotation are also critical are. To legumes in the semi-arid western United States in southcentral Alberta, bromegrass. Regrowth for fall or winter grazing montana state university forage using legumes and manure as Nutrient sources, see EB0200 and 'Manure:! 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